Subfamily: Deltarhabdovirinae

Genus: Betaricinrhavirus

Distinguishing features

Viruses assigned to the genus Betaricinrhavirus form a distinct monophyletic group based on well-supported Maximum Likelihood or Maximum Clade Credibility trees inferred from complete L sequences. Members of the genus have been detected in hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). They are distinct phylogenetically from viruses assigned to the genera Alpharicinrhavirus and Gammaricinrhavirus.

Virion

Morphology

Viruses assigned to the genus have not yet been isolated or visualized by electron microscopy.

Nucleic acid

Betaricinrhavirus genomes consist of a single molecule of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA and range from approximately 11.2–13.8 kb (Tokarz et al., 2018).

Proteins

Betaricinrhavirus N, P, M, G and L proteins share sequence homology and/or structural characteristics with the cognate proteins of other rhabdoviruses. Betaricinrhavirus G proteins are class I transmembrane glycoproteins. Alignment with the G protein of vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (species Vesiculovirus indiana) indicates likely conservation of 10-12 of the 12 conserved cysteine residues that are typical of animal rhabdovirus G proteins (Walker and Kongsuwan 1999, Roche et al., 2006).

Genome organisation and replication

Betaricinrhavirus genomes include only the five genes (N, P, M, G and L) encoding the structural proteins (Figure 1 Betaricinrhavirus). In Chimay rhabdovirus (CRV; species Betaricinrhavirus chimay) and blacklegged tick rhabdovirus 1 (BLTRV1; species Betaricinrhavirus scapularis), and Mudanjiang rhabd tick virus 1 (MjRTV1; species Betaricinrhavirus mudanjiang) there is an alternative ORF (Px) in the P gene. Although there is sequence identity between proteins encoded in the corresponding alternative ORFs, it is not known if they are expressed in infected cells.

Figure 1 Betaricinrhavirus. Schematic representation of betaricinrhavirus genomes in reverse (positive-sense) polarity. The five long open reading frames (ORFs) in the N, P, M, G and L genes are shown (open arrows). Alternative overlapping ORFs (Px) within each P gene (red) are shown.

Biology

Betaricinrhaviruses have all been detected bt metagenomic sequencing of hard ticks (family Ixododae). CRV was detected in a pool of Ixodes ricinus ticks sampled in Belgium. BLTRV1 was detected in pools of Ixodes scapularis ticks sampled in Connecticut and New York, USA (Tokarz et al., 2018). MjRTV1 was detected in Ixodes persulcatus ticks collected from the field in Jilin Province, China. Tongren rhabd tick virus 1 (species Betaricinrhavirus tongren) was detected in Haemaphysalis hystricis ticks collected from swine in Guizhou Province, China. Yanbian rhabd tick virus 2 (species Betaricinrhavirus concinna) was detected in Haemaphysalis concinna ticks and Yanbian rhabd tick virus 3 (species Betaricinrhavirus yanbian) was detected in Haemaphysalis japonica ticks, each collected from the field in Jilin Province, China. No isolates are currently available for either of these viruses.

Species demarcation criteria

Viruses assigned to different species within the genus have several of the following characteristics: A) minimum amino acid sequence divergence of 10% in N proteins; B) minimum amino acid sequence divergence of 10% in the L proteins; C) minimum amino acid sequence divergence of 15% in G proteins; D) significant differences in genome organisation as evidenced by numbers and locations of ORFs; E) can be distinguished in virus neutralisation tests; and F) occupy different ecological niches as evidenced by differences in arthropod and/ or vertebrate hosts.

Related, unclassified viruses

Virus names and virus abbreviations are not official ICTV designations.

* Coding region sequence incomplete