Etymology of Taxon Names

The information below provides a list containing descriptions of the origins of ICTV taxon names starting at the rank of realm and going down to the rank of family. This information is derived from the proposals that were submitted when each taxon was created. Links to these proposals, links to ICTV report chapters, and links to publications (through PMIDs) are provided when available.

We thank Stuart Siddell for compiling this list of name origins. Etymological information for taxa below the rank of family, can be found in the relevant ICTV Online (10th) Report chapters. If you have any comments or corrections, please contact us by sending an email to info@ictv.global.

Please select the virus realm containing your Realm of interest:

Realm
Enter all or part of a taxon name (family rank or higher)

Realm: Riboviria

Taxon: Euroniviridae Rank: family Proposal: 2017.012_015S.A.v1.Nidovirales.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

from the Ancient Greek εὖ (), meaning “well" or "good”, and Roniviridae; the suffix -viridae for family taxa; derivation unclear

Taxon: Roniviridae Rank: family Proposal: Ratification_2002a.pdf ICTV Report: Roniviridae Reference: PMID: 12376758

from rod-shaped nidovirus, referring to the virion morphology of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Tornidovirineae Rank: suborder Proposal: 2017.012_015S.A.v1.Nidovirales.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

from Tobaniviridae, the consonant r and Nidovirales, two taxa in the taxon and a consonant; the suffix -virineae for suborder taxa

Taxon: Tobaniviridae Rank: family Proposal: 2017.012_015S.A.v1.Nidovirales.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

from Torovirus, Bafinivirus and Nidovirales, taxa in this family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Picornavirales Rank: order Proposal: 2005.200-2G.04.Picornavirales.pdf ICTV Report: Reference:

from Picornaviridae (itself from the Spanish pico, meaning "small"or "sharp") and RNA for ribonucleic acid, referring to the size of the  RNA genome of viruses in the taxon; the suffix -virales for order taxa

Taxon: Caliciviridae Rank: family Proposal: Ratification_1981.pdf ICTV Report: Caliciviridae Reference: PMID: 10804145

from the Latin calix, meaning “cup” or “goblet”, referring to cup-shaped depressions on the virion surface of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Dicistroviridae Rank: family Proposal: Ratification_2002a.pdf ICTV Report: Dicistroviridae Reference: PMID: 6659369

from the Greek di-, meaning "two" and cistron, a genetic unit, referring to the characteristic dicistronic arrangement of the genome of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Iflaviridae Rank: family Proposal: 2006.029-31I.04.Iflaviridae.pdf ICTV Report: Iflaviridae Reference:

from the former species name, Infectious flacherie virus (now Iflavirus flacherie), a taxon in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Marnaviridae Rank: family Proposal: 2003.F094-098.Marnaviridae.pdf ICTV Report: Marnaviridae Reference:

from the Latin mare, meaning "sea", referring to the environment from which virus was isolated, and RNA, referring to ribonucleic acid, the genetic material of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Noraviridae Rank: family Proposal: 2022.001S.Picornavirales_1nf.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

from the Armenian nora, meaning "new", referring to  Nora virus, a member of the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Picornaviridae Rank: family Proposal: ICTV 1st Report.pdf ICTV Report: Picornaviridae Reference: PMID: 21413259

from poliovirus, insensitivity to ether, coxsackievirus, orphan virus, rhinovirus, and ribonucleic acid; or from the Spanish pico, meaning "a small balance" i.e. unit of measurement and RNA, for ribonucleic acid, referring to the small RNA genome of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Polycipiviridae Rank: family Proposal: 2017.011S.A.v2.Polycipiviridae.zip ICTV Report: Polycipiviridae Reference:

from polycistronic picorna-like, referring to the genome organisation of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Secoviridae Rank: family Proposal: 2007.057-9P.Secoviridae.pdf ICTV Report: Secoviridae Reference:

from the amalgamation of the now defunct families Sequiviridae and Comoviridae (respectively from the Latin sequi, meaning to "accompany", referring to the dependent aphid transmission of parsnip yellow fleck virus, and from cowpea mosaic virus), both members of the virus family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Solinviviridae Rank: family Proposal: 2016.017a-kS.A.v2.Solinviviridae.pdf ICTV Report: Solinviviridae Reference:

from Solenopsis invicta virus 3, a member of the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa 

Taxon: Sobelivirales Rank: order Proposal: 2019.006G.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

from sobemovirus-like; the suffix -virales for order taxa

Taxon: Alvernaviridae Rank: family Proposal: 2009.016a-iP.A.v7.Alvernaviridae.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

from the dinoflagellate host ( Heterocapsa circularisquama, a member of the Alveolata) and RNA for ribonucleic acid, referring to the ssRNA genome of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Barnaviridae Rank: family Proposal: Ratification_1993.pdf ICTV Report: Reference: PMID: 8030251

from bacilliform-shaped virus and RNA for ribonucleic acid, referring to the morphology of virions and the  genome of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Solemoviridae Rank: family Proposal: 2017.003P.A.v2.Solemoviridae.zip ICTV Report: Solemoviridae Reference:

from Sobemovirus (from Southern bean mosaic virus) and Polemovirus (from potato leafroll virus), two genera in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Stelpaviricetes Rank: class Proposal: 2019.006G.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

from the names of the founding orders (Stellavirales, Patatavirales); the suffix -viricetes for class taxa

Taxon: Patatavirales Rank: order Proposal: 2019.006G.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

from the Italian patata meaning "potato", referencing potato virus Y, a member of the taxon; the suffix -virales for order taxa

Taxon: Potyviridae Rank: family Proposal: Ratification_1993.pdf ICTV Report: Potyviridae Reference: PMID: 2472047

from potato virus Y, a member of the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Stellavirales Rank: order Proposal: 2019.006G.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

from the Latin stella, meaning "star", referrring to astroviruses, which are included in the taxon; the suffix -virales for order taxa

Taxon: Astroviridae Rank: family Proposal: ICTV 6th Report.pdf ICTV Report: Astroviridae Reference: PMID: 15802951

from the Greek astron, meaning "star", referring to the star-like appearance of spikes projecting from the surface of virions of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Yadokarivirales Rank: order Proposal: 2021.005F.R.Yadokarivirales_neworder.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

from the Japanese yadokari (やどかり, 宿借), meaning “room borrower", referring to the the lifestyle (hetero-encapsidation) of yadokariviruses; the suffix -virales for order taxa

Taxon: Yadokariviridae Rank: family Proposal: 2021.005F.R.Yadokarivirales_neworder.zip ICTV Report: Yadokariviridae Reference:

from the Japanese yadokari (やどかり, 宿借), meaning “room borrower", referring to the lifestyle (hetero-encapsidation) of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Hadakaviridae Rank: family Proposal: 2021.004F.R.Hadakaviridae_newfam.zip ICTV Report: Hadakaviridae Reference:

from the Japanese hadaka (裸、はだか), meaning “naked”, referring to the capsidless nature of viruses in this family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Orpoviricetes Rank: class Proposal: 2024.008F.Orpoviricetes_newclass.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

from the Finnish orpo meaning orphan; the suffix -viricetes for class taxa

Taxon: Bormycovirales Rank: order Proposal: 2024.008F.Orpoviricetes_newclass.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

from ormycovirus and the letter B, randomly selected; the suffix -virales for order taxa

Taxon: Alphaormycoviridae Rank: family Proposal: 2024.008F.Orpoviricetes_newclass.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

from the Ancient Greek ἄλφα (álpha), the first letter of the Greek alphabet, and ormycovirus; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Deltanormycoviridae Rank: family Proposal: 2024.008F.Orpoviricetes_newclass.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

from the Ancient Greek  δέλτα (délta), the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet, and ormycovirus; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Formycovirales Rank: order Proposal: 2024.008F.Orpoviricetes_newclass.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

from ormycovirus and the letter F, randomly selected; the suffix -virales for order taxa

Taxon: Betaormycoviridae Rank: family Proposal: 2024.008F.Orpoviricetes_newclass.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

from the Ancient Greek βῆτα (bêta), the second letter of the Greek alphabet, and ormycovirus; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Gammaormycoviridae Rank: family Proposal: 2024.008F.Orpoviricetes_newclass.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

om the Ancient Greek γάμμα (gámma), the third letter of the Greek alphabet, and ormycovirus ; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Birnaviridae Rank: family Proposal: Ratification_1984.pdf ICTV Report: Birnaviridae Reference: PMID: 6743022

from the Latin  bi meaning “two”,  and RNA for ribonucleic acid, referring to the bisegmented nature of the genome, and the presence of dsRNA, in viruses of the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Permutotetraviridae Rank: family Proposal: 2010.001a-qI.A.v4.Tetraviridae.zip ICTV Report: Permutotetraviridae Reference:

from the Latin permutare, meaninmg "to change thoroughly" and  the Ancient Greek τετρα (tetra), the Greek cardinal 4, referring to the type of RdRP (replicase) whose active site is permuted and the T=4 capsid architecture of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Pararnavirae Rank: kingdom Proposal: 2019.006G.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

from the Greek παρά (pará), meaning "besides" or "next to", and RNA for ribonucleic acid, referring to the second kingdom in the realm Riboviria  ; the suffix -virae for kingdom taxa

Taxon: Artverviricota Rank: phylum Proposal: 2019.006G.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

from reverse transcriptase when read backwards, referring to the mode of genome replication of viruses in the taxon; the suffix -viricota for phylum taxa

Taxon: Revtraviricetes Rank: class Proposal: 2019.006G.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

from reverse transcriptase, referring to the mode of genome replication of viruses in the taxon; the suffix -viricetes for class taxa

Taxon: Blubervirales Rank: order Proposal: 2019.006G.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

to honour Barry Blumberg for his role in hepatitis B research; the suffix -virales for order taxa

Taxon: Hepadnaviridae Rank: family Proposal: Ratification_1990.pdf ICTV Report: Hepadnaviridae Reference: PMID: 4113490

from the Greek hepar, meaning “liver” and DNA for deoxyribonucleic acid, referring to the infection of liver tissues and the deoxyribonucleic acid genome of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Ortervirales Rank: order Proposal: 2017.013D.A.v1.Ortervirales.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

from orter, an inversion of retro, which stands for reverse transcription, referring to the mode of genome replication of viruses in the taxon; the suffix -virales for order taxa

Taxon: Belpaoviridae Rank: family Proposal: 2017.001D.A.v1.Belpaoviridae.zip ICTV Report: Belpaoviridae Reference:

from Drosophila melanogaster Bel virus and the Bombyx mori Pao virus, two members of the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Caulimoviridae Rank: family Proposal: Ratification_1997.pdf ICTV Report: Caulimoviridae Reference: PMID: 14433226

from cauliflower mosaic virus, a member of the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Metaviridae Rank: family Proposal: Ratification_1998.pdf ICTV Report: Metaviridae Reference: PMID: 7760826

from the late Latin metathesis, meaning “transposition”, referring to the family of retrotransposons; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Pseudoviridae Rank: family Proposal: Ratification_1998.pdf ICTV Report: Pseudoviridae Reference: PMID: 12411593

from the Ancient Greek ψευδής (pseudes), meaning "false", referring to an evolutionary relationship of family members to viruses with extracellular virions, although they themselves have no extracellular phase; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Retroviridae Rank: family Proposal: Ratification_1975.pdf ICTV Report: Retroviridae Reference: PMID: 21433350

from the Latin retro, meaning “backwards”, referring to the activity of reverse transcriptase which transfers genetic information from RNA “back” to DNA during replication of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Tombendovirales Rank: order Proposal: 2024.021P.Riboviria_1nord.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

from tombusvirid-dependent; the suffix -virales for order taxa

Taxon: Pamosaviridae Rank: family Proposal: 2024.021P.Riboviria_1nord.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

from Panicum mosaic virus and satellite; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Sarthroviridae Rank: family Proposal: 2015.002a-gS.A.v3.Sarthroviridae.pdf ICTV Report: Sarthroviridae Reference:

from small virus of arthropods, referring to the host (giant freshwater prawns) of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Tomosaviridae Rank: family Proposal: 2024.021P.Riboviria_1nord.zip ICTV Report: Reference:

from tobacco mosaic virus and satellite ; the suffix -viridae for family taxa