Etymology of Taxon Names

The information below provides a list containing descriptions of the origins of ICTV taxon names starting at the rank of realm and going down to the rank of family. This information is derived from the proposals that were submitted when each taxon was created. Links to these proposals, links to ICTV report chapters, and links to publications (through PMIDs) are provided when available.

We thank Stuart Siddell for compiling this list of name origins. Etymological information for taxa below the rank of family, can be found in the relevant ICTV Online (10th) Report chapters. If you have any comments or corrections, please contact us by sending an email to info@ictv.global.

Please select the virus realm containing your Realm of interest:

Realm

Realm: Riboviria

Taxon: Euroniviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: 2017.012_015S.A.v1.Nidovirales.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from the Ancient Greek εὖ (), meaning “well" or "good”, and Roniviridae; the suffix -viridae for family taxa; derivation unclear

Taxon: Roniviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: Ratification_2002a.pdf    ICTV Report: Roniviridae  Reference: PMID: 12376758  

from rod-shaped nidovirus, referring to the virion morphology of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Tornidovirineae  Rank: suborder  Proposal: 2017.012_015S.A.v1.Nidovirales.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from Tobaniviridae, the consonant r and Nidovirales, two taxa in the taxon and a consonant; the suffix -virineae for suborder taxa

Taxon: Tobaniviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: 2017.012_015S.A.v1.Nidovirales.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from Torovirus, Bafinivirus and Nidovirales, taxa in this family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Picornavirales  Rank: order  Proposal: 2005.200-2G.04.Picornavirales.pdf    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from Picornaviridae (itself from the Spanish pico, meaning "small"or "sharp") and RNA for ribonucleic acid, referring to the size of the  RNA genome of viruses in the taxon; the suffix -virales for order taxa

Taxon: Caliciviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: Ratification_1981.pdf    ICTV Report: Caliciviridae  Reference: PMID: 10804145  

from the Latin calix, meaning “cup” or “goblet”, referring to cup-shaped depressions on the virion surface of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Dicistroviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: Ratification_2002a.pdf    ICTV Report: Dicistroviridae  Reference: PMID: 6659369  

from the Greek di-, meaning "two" and cistron, a genetic unit, referring to the characteristic dicistronic arrangement of the genome of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Iflaviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: 2006.029-31I.04.Iflaviridae.pdf    ICTV Report: Iflaviridae  Reference:   

from the former species name, Infectious flacherie virus (now Iflavirus flacherie), a taxon in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Marnaviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: 2003.F094-098.Marnaviridae.pdf    ICTV Report: Marnaviridae  Reference:   

from the Latin mare, meaning "sea", referring to the environment from which virus was isolated, and RNA, referring to ribonucleic acid, the genetic material of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Noraviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: 2022.001S.Picornavirales_1nf.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from the Armenian nora, meaning "new", referring to  Nora virus, a member of the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Picornaviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: ICTV 1st Report.pdf    ICTV Report: Picornaviridae  Reference: PMID: 21413259  

from poliovirus, insensitivity to ether, coxsackievirus, orphan virus, rhinovirus, and ribonucleic acid; or from the Spanish pico, meaning "a small balance" i.e. unit of measurement and RNA, for ribonucleic acid, referring to the small RNA genome of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Polycipiviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: 2017.011S.A.v2.Polycipiviridae.zip    ICTV Report: Polycipiviridae  Reference:   

from polycistronic picorna-like, referring to the genome organisation of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Secoviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: 2007.057-9P.Secoviridae.pdf    ICTV Report: Secoviridae  Reference:   

from the amalgamation of the now defunct families Sequiviridae and Comoviridae (respectively from the Latin sequi, meaning to "accompany", referring to the dependent aphid transmission of parsnip yellow fleck virus, and from cowpea mosaic virus), both members of the virus family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Solinviviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: 2016.017a-kS.A.v2.Solinviviridae.pdf    ICTV Report: Solinviviridae  Reference:   

from Solenopsis invicta virus 3, a member of the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa 

Taxon: Sobelivirales  Rank: order  Proposal: 2019.006G.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from sobemovirus-like; the suffix -virales for order taxa

Taxon: Alvernaviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: 2009.016a-iP.A.v7.Alvernaviridae.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from the dinoflagellate host ( Heterocapsa circularisquama, a member of the Alveolata) and RNA for ribonucleic acid, referring to the ssRNA genome of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Barnaviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: Ratification_1993.pdf    ICTV Report:   Reference: PMID: 8030251  

from bacilliform-shaped virus and RNA for ribonucleic acid, referring to the morphology of virions and the  genome of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Solemoviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: 2017.003P.A.v2.Solemoviridae.zip    ICTV Report: Solemoviridae  Reference:   

from Sobemovirus (from Southern bean mosaic virus) and Polemovirus (from potato leafroll virus), two genera in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Stelpaviricetes  Rank: class  Proposal: 2019.006G.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from the names of the founding orders (Stellavirales, Patatavirales); the suffix -viricetes for class taxa

Taxon: Patatavirales  Rank: order  Proposal: 2019.006G.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from the Italian patata meaning "potato", referencing potato virus Y, a member of the taxon; the suffix -virales for order taxa

Taxon: Potyviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: Ratification_1993.pdf    ICTV Report: Potyviridae  Reference: PMID: 2472047  

from potato virus Y, a member of the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Stellavirales  Rank: order  Proposal: 2019.006G.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from the Latin stella, meaning "star", referrring to astroviruses, which are included in the taxon; the suffix -virales for order taxa

Taxon: Astroviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: ICTV 6th Report.pdf    ICTV Report: Astroviridae  Reference: PMID: 15802951  

from the Greek astron, meaning "star", referring to the star-like appearance of spikes projecting from the surface of virions of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Yadokarivirales  Rank: order  Proposal: 2021.005F.R.Yadokarivirales_neworder.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from the Japanese yadokari (やどかり, 宿借), meaning “room borrower", referring to the the lifestyle (hetero-encapsidation) of yadokariviruses; the suffix -virales for order taxa

Taxon: Yadokariviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: 2021.005F.R.Yadokarivirales_neworder.zip    ICTV Report: Yadokariviridae  Reference:   

from the Japanese yadokari (やどかり, 宿借), meaning “room borrower", referring to the lifestyle (hetero-encapsidation) of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Hadakaviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: 2021.004F.R.Hadakaviridae_newfam.zip    ICTV Report: Hadakaviridae  Reference:   

from the Japanese hadaka (裸、はだか), meaning “naked”, referring to the capsidless nature of viruses in this family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Orpoviricetes  Rank: class  Proposal: 2024.008F.Orpoviricetes_newclass.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from the Finnish orpo meaning orphan; the suffix -viricetes for class taxa

Taxon: Bormycovirales  Rank: order  Proposal: 2024.008F.Orpoviricetes_newclass.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from ormycovirus and the letter B, randomly selected; the suffix -virales for order taxa

Taxon: Alphaormycoviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: 2024.008F.Orpoviricetes_newclass.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from the Ancient Greek ἄλφα (álpha), the first letter of the Greek alphabet, and ormycovirus; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Deltanormycoviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: 2024.008F.Orpoviricetes_newclass.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from the Ancient Greek  δέλτα (délta), the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet, and ormycovirus; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Formycovirales  Rank: order  Proposal: 2024.008F.Orpoviricetes_newclass.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from ormycovirus and the letter F, randomly selected; the suffix -virales for order taxa

Taxon: Betaormycoviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: 2024.008F.Orpoviricetes_newclass.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from the Ancient Greek βῆτα (bêta), the second letter of the Greek alphabet, and ormycovirus; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Gammaormycoviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: 2024.008F.Orpoviricetes_newclass.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

om the Ancient Greek γάμμα (gámma), the third letter of the Greek alphabet, and ormycovirus ; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Birnaviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: Ratification_1984.pdf    ICTV Report: Birnaviridae  Reference: PMID: 6743022  

from the Latin  bi meaning “two”,  and RNA for ribonucleic acid, referring to the bisegmented nature of the genome, and the presence of dsRNA, in viruses of the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Permutotetraviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: 2010.001a-qI.A.v4.Tetraviridae.zip    ICTV Report: Permutotetraviridae  Reference:   

from the Latin permutare, meaninmg "to change thoroughly" and  the Ancient Greek τετρα (tetra), the Greek cardinal 4, referring to the type of RdRP (replicase) whose active site is permuted and the T=4 capsid architecture of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Pararnavirae  Rank: kingdom  Proposal: 2019.006G.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from the Greek παρά (pará), meaning "besides" or "next to", and RNA for ribonucleic acid, referring to the second kingdom in the realm Riboviria  ; the suffix -virae for kingdom taxa

Taxon: Artverviricota  Rank: phylum  Proposal: 2019.006G.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from reverse transcriptase when read backwards, referring to the mode of genome replication of viruses in the taxon; the suffix -viricota for phylum taxa

Taxon: Revtraviricetes  Rank: class  Proposal: 2019.006G.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from reverse transcriptase, referring to the mode of genome replication of viruses in the taxon; the suffix -viricetes for class taxa

Taxon: Blubervirales  Rank: order  Proposal: 2019.006G.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

to honour Barry Blumberg for his role in hepatitis B research; the suffix -virales for order taxa

Taxon: Hepadnaviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: Ratification_1990.pdf    ICTV Report: Hepadnaviridae  Reference: PMID: 4113490  

from the Greek hepar, meaning “liver” and DNA for deoxyribonucleic acid, referring to the infection of liver tissues and the deoxyribonucleic acid genome of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Ortervirales  Rank: order  Proposal: 2017.013D.A.v1.Ortervirales.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from orter, an inversion of retro, which stands for reverse transcription, referring to the mode of genome replication of viruses in the taxon; the suffix -virales for order taxa

Taxon: Belpaoviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: 2017.001D.A.v1.Belpaoviridae.zip    ICTV Report: Belpaoviridae  Reference:   

from Drosophila melanogaster Bel virus and the Bombyx mori Pao virus, two members of the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Caulimoviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: Ratification_1997.pdf    ICTV Report: Caulimoviridae  Reference: PMID: 14433226  

from cauliflower mosaic virus, a member of the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Metaviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: Ratification_1998.pdf    ICTV Report: Metaviridae  Reference: PMID: 7760826  

from the late Latin metathesis, meaning “transposition”, referring to the family of retrotransposons; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Pseudoviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: Ratification_1998.pdf    ICTV Report: Pseudoviridae  Reference: PMID: 12411593  

from the Ancient Greek ψευδής (pseudes), meaning "false", referring to an evolutionary relationship of family members to viruses with extracellular virions, although they themselves have no extracellular phase; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Retroviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: Ratification_1975.pdf    ICTV Report: Retroviridae  Reference: PMID: 21433350  

from the Latin retro, meaning “backwards”, referring to the activity of reverse transcriptase which transfers genetic information from RNA “back” to DNA during replication of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Tombendovirales  Rank: order  Proposal: 2024.021P.Riboviria_1nord.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from tombusvirid-dependent; the suffix -virales for order taxa

Taxon: Pamosaviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: 2024.021P.Riboviria_1nord.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from Panicum mosaic virus and satellite; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Sarthroviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: 2015.002a-gS.A.v3.Sarthroviridae.pdf    ICTV Report: Sarthroviridae  Reference:   

from small virus of arthropods, referring to the host (giant freshwater prawns) of viruses in the family; the suffix -viridae for family taxa

Taxon: Tomosaviridae  Rank: family  Proposal: 2024.021P.Riboviria_1nord.zip    ICTV Report:   Reference:   

from tobacco mosaic virus and satellite ; the suffix -viridae for family taxa